A Judgement For Solomon The D Hauteville Case

In A Judgement for Solomon: The d’Hauteville Case and Legal Experience in Antebellum America, Grossberg outlines the complex legal experiences of the d’Hauteville family and the effect their experiences have on Antebellum America. On August 22, 1837, Ellen Sears and Paul Daniel Gonzalve Grand d’Hauteville were married and moved to Switzerland. By the winter of 1838, Ellen became pregnant and pleaded with Gonzalve to let her return to America to give birth to her child. Eventually, Gonzalve gave in and let Ellen leave; however, after giving birth, Ellen refused to return to Switzerland, citing cruel treatment from Gonzalve as her reason for staying away. Later, Ellen realized it was an informal separation that she sought. However, soon the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the emergence of divisive new ideas indicated a progressive movement towards greater maternal rights was underway. Analyzing the case of Abigail and Asa Bailey aids in understanding this drastic change in public opinion. In 1792, Abigail Bailey was quickly granted a divorce from Asa Bailey. However, Abigail waited twenty-two years to file this petition for divorce, as Asa first had an affair just three years after their marriage in 1770. It is interesting to compare Abigail’s case to Ellen’s because in both cases, each woman repeatedly cites her hesitation to take legal action because of what she believes to be her duty to her husband. However, what is considered cruel enough to justify breaking that duty and separating from their husbands drastically differs. Abigail waited through multiple affairs and the sexual assault of her own daughter before beginning the legal process. Meanwhile, Ellen sought legal action after what she cited to be mental cruelty. In just half a century, a major shift in public opinion occurred. The question then arises: what caused this shift to occur? Grossberg noted the rise of the independent penny press and the effect it had on public opinion. Before the advent of the penny press, there was the sixpenny press. This was largely restricted to upper-class

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1002 Words

Mykaela Benkart Ms. Doyle Honors American Literature 11 17 May 2016 The Great Gatsby: Analytical Essay The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a powerful story about the history of the roaring 1920’s. Fitzgerald uses different intellectual techniques of writing to captivate a completely new meaning to the prohibition era. The Great Gatsby, narrated by Nick Carraway, tells a moving story from his point of view about the lives of the upper and lower class of the 1920’s. Fitzgerald creates a compelling plot through different literary devices to transform his text into a greater meaning by implementing indirect and direct hints in order to capture the audience’s attention. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald displays a significant meaning throughout the story by applying symbols, motifs, and theme. One-way F. Scott Fitzgerald draws in the reader throughout the story is through his use of symbols. During The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses heat to foreshadow the situation yet to come, Daisy’s rejection and Myrtle’s death. For example, â€Å"‘But it’s so hot,’ insisted Daisy on the verge on tears, ‘and everything’s so confused. Let’s all go to town!’† (118). Throughout a couple of chapters, Daisy was complaining that she could not do anything with the excruciating heat therefore; she comes up with the idea for the characters to go into the city. The warmth also expresses the blend of turmoil and emotions between the characters. In addition, another symbolic place in the storyShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. 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Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Accounting Theory and Current Issues Human Rights - Legitimacy

Question: Discuss bout the Accounting Theory and Current Issues for Human Rights, Legitimacy. Answer: Introduction This report determines the valuation of principal, property, plant, and equipment (PPE) by measuring the historical cost and fair market value. This report also focuses on the merits and risks related to the triple bottom line reporting approach. It also explains the importance of legitimacy and provides a recommendation to restore the legitimacy of the company. It also discusses the different ways to record the environmental expenditure. Historic Cost or Fair market value KGC Ltd. may revalue its PPE assets from historic cost to fair market value. But, both historical cost and fair value are contradictory to each other. In this context, the fair value dimension requires updating of all factors whereas historical cost requires only limited and temporary updating of resources (Penman, 2011). In addition to this, historical cost is based on the General accepted accounting principle (GAAP). In this principal, property, plant, and equipment (PPE) are recorded in the balance sheet at the nominal and original cost. Therefore, this principle provides more reliability for keeping the information in the asset and liabilities statements. This helps the company ensure the impartiality in valuation of the PPE and to make sure about constancy of the cost (Flood, 2014). In opposition to this, under fair value method the value of the PPE may change according to the volatility in market price. As a result, the cost of the asset will also be changed as per the market prices. Additionally, it can be explained that fair value method is appropriate for the firm because it focuses on the current market value excluding the original value. Hence, it offers the significant framework with regards to the financial position. Although, fair value may cause the changes in the profit and loss report but, it represents the authentic reflection of the economic situation. Thus, it can be stated that fair value is better than the historic cost. It is because; the historic cost creates the outdated data that may lead to inappropriate decision in the organization (Greenberg, et al., 2013). On the other side, historical cost does not provide information about the existing value of assets in the organization. Hence, it may generate the misunderstanding among the managers of the organization in order to take the relevant decisions. Moreover, for the historical cost, there is no need to record the opportunities cost of the older resources. Therefore, it is not effective to determine the loss or gain of the real value of the resources causes inflation and deflation in the economy (Ginter, 2013). Contrary to this, fair value is more appropriate rather than the historical cost because it facilitates the relevance in the decision making of the users of the financial report. For example, the members of the corporation have permission to communicate with the private information related to the asset value. Thus, it can be said that fair value measurement should be used by the company in order to enhance the transparency, timeliness, and comparability of the accounting information as well as value of assets (Albrecht, et al., 2010). Besides this, it can also be stated that historical cost measurement does not involve the price changes in the balance sheet. Hence, it impacts the production line. It is because; there are several external environmental factors such as political relation, economic condition, government rules and regulation that influence the prices. Therefore, it can be said that historical cost measurement may produce maximum risk for the business. For the reason behind, it estimates the cost on the wrong basis so that it cannot offer the relevant value of the financial resources of the company (Swayne and Dodds, 2011). Thus, it can be stated that historical cost measurement cannot provide the realistic value of fixed assets due to core focus on historical prices. It also ignores the volatility in the market value of PPE, so actual value of fixed asset cannot determine by the firm. Therefore, it can be said that KGC Ltd should revalue its major assets (i.e. PPE) on basis of fair value rather than historical cost (Trucco, 2015). True and Fair value of the PPE Fair value is defined as the price in which assets might be traded at the particular date among the key competitors in the logical manner. After identifying the resources, the fair value of PPE may be determined on the revalued amount. It defines the fair value of assets as total value of PPE after deducting subsequent accumulated depreciation and successively accumulated impairment losses of the relevant assets (Trevino and Nelson, 2010). Accumulated impairment loss = Replacement value Current value $20.5 billion AUD- $12 billion AUD = $8.5 billion AUD Thus; Fair value = fair value of the re-evaluation subsequent accumulated depreciation and successively accumulated impairment losses 30 (30/17) 8.5 30- 1.765 -8.5 = $19.735 billion AUD. This analysis represented the fair and true value of PPE as per the re-evaluation technique. It is also related to the existing value of the asset. Merits and risks of Triple Bottom Line aspect to reporting approach KGC Ltd involves triple bottom line aspects in its reporting approach that has created different benefits and risks to the organization. This approach is beneficial to accomplish the objectives with respects to the community, profit, and globe. KGC has been blamed for irresponsibility towards the environment due to the clearance of the ore waste into the river (Stoner, 2012). At the same time, many of the environmental regulatory bodies have claimed against the company for environment-harming practices. But, the company states that it provides employment, clean filtered water, healthcare and education for local people (Linger and Owen, 2012). Besides this, its operation reimburses the problems in the mining and processing of Star Mountain Range in PNG. In this way, it can be explained that triple bottom line may be effective to enhance the image of the corporation with regards to the environmental responsibilities. It is because; this approach helps to increase the awareness about the practices among the people of the region. This approach is based on environmental protection and society benefits (Caraiani, and Chiraha 2015). The triple bottom line is also advantageous in reporting because it allows to the company for communicating with the stakeholders on the topic of managing the environmental condition, economic and social aspects of its operations. This is also useful to enhance the reputation and to meet the brand's benefits and protect the social licenses for operating the company without any obstacle. For this reason; company offers employment opportunities, healthcare and education facilities and focuses on responsibility of the company towards the environment, society, and investors (Maraghy, 2011). In opposition to this, the company faces difficulties in implementation of the triple bottom line. This approach considers the environment protection through purifying the sludge spill. In this way, KGC Ltd. will have to pay the cleaning expenditure and penalty. Besides this, the company will have to offset the work in a different place and pay compensation to losses that will occur in the business practices. In this circumstance, the company may face a risk to meeting objective of generating high revenues for the stakeholders. For the reason behind this; there is a need for the company to invest a lot of parts of the profit in the social and environmental protection. In this case, the company cannot be able to provide more interest to the investors of the company (Larmer, 2013). Nature and Importance of Legitimacy KGC Ltd not only considers the resources and technical information but also focuses on the legitimacy. The nature of legitimacy is based on the recognition of organizational resources at the legal, environmental, and social and culture level. The approach of legitimacy focuses on selection of best ways that are necessary to meet interest of different stakeholders. In addition to this, organizational legitimacy represents the correlation among the organization and its working environment. Moreover, stakeholder legitimacy shows the authority that is required to keep the coalition with the supportive stakeholders (Buchanan, 2010). Legitimacy of KGC Ltd in the eyes of the traditional land-owners, the government of PNG and the people of Australia is important for the successful running of the organization without any obstacle. Through using the legitimacy, KGC Ltd may get the support from the different kinds of stakeholders like landowners, government, and community to make the stress free environment of the company. It facilitates the community recognition for the company in order to manage the stakeholders through exercising the power and authority (Henham, 2013). In this way, it can be explained that stakeholder power and authority create a great impact on the businesss operation. Moreover, it is important to increase the social acceptance and maintain the relationship with the stakeholder that is helpful to company for acquiring business resources. Along with this, the company can also ignore the lawsuit and legal issues through maintaining the legitimacy and by fulfilling the government rules and regulations. In this way, it can be said that organizational legitimacy is necessary to make the changes in the business environment (Stout, 2012). Furthermore, it can be interpreted that stakeholders like traditional owners of the land, government and people of Australia may assess the organization as per the rule, structure, and procedure of the company. In this case, it can be said that if the company keeps its legitimacy then it will be able to maintain consistency in the procedure and structure of the organization. It also helps to maintain the flow of assets to control the gold and copper mine in the Star Mountain Range in Papua New Guinea (Jacobs and Baglay, 2016). Loss of Legitimacy and its Consequences The legitimacy of the KGC Ltd is at risk due to environmental claims on the corporation. From analysis of the given case, it can be stated that company has not been able to meet the responsibilities regarding the environment protection that harm to Australian residents. In this situation, KGC Ltd. gives royalties to the traditional owners of the land and also pays taxes to the government of PNG. Besides this, it also donates some portion of the profit to the development of the community by using social welfare programs like grade schools, hospitals, and health centres in the Star Mountain Range in PNG (Lucarelli, et al., 2011). Moreover, it also works on the water processing plant for environment protection. In addition to this, KGC Ltd. is the key basis to provide employment in the local areas. In this way, it can be stated that if the company shut down its mining process in the Star Mountain Range in PNG then 45% of the unemployment rate will rise to 95% in the market (Kramer, 2011). On the other side, it is also analyzed that company has been blamed for operating activities because it harms the environment at the large scale. It is also identified that KGC Ltd. dumped 5 million litters of ore-waste sludge into a river that used by the local areas people for drinking water, fish, hunt, harvest lotus root and irrigate their crops (Rotberg, 2010). At the same time, it can be determined that KGC Ltd may suffer from the losses of the business in the local areas due to declining the brand image and lawsuits. In this way, it leads to shutting down the business due to the loss of support with the local areas people. Hence, it affects the mining operation of the company. Besides this, it can be interpreted that company faces lawsuit through the environmental committee and local people. Therefore, KGC Ltd. faces the loss of reputation and survival in the market. It also declines the financial performance of the organization in the marketplace (Pelling, 2010). Ways to Restore the Legitimacy There are different ways in which management of KGC LTD can restore the legitimacy like change in business policies and practices, strict follow-up of environmental policy etc. First of all the management of the company should focus on the usage of stakeholders theory for identifying its responsibility towards different stakeholders. Freemans stakeholder theory is helpful to identify different stakeholders of the company. As per this theory, a stakeholder is an individual or a group that is affected (i.e. benefited or harmed) by business operations of company. In this context, there are various stakeholders of KGC Ltd such as management, local community, customers, employees, environment, suppliers and the owners (Phillips, 2011). It is companys responsibility to meet interest and well-being of its stakeholders. From the analysis of given case, KGC Ltd has failed to fulfill its responsibility towards environment and community. For example, company operations have lead to 5 million li ters of ore-waste sludge into a river, which is used two local villages for different purposes such as drinking water, fishing, harvest lotus root and water their taro root, yam and cassava crops etc. This way, the company is ignoring responsibility towards the environment and local community (Frederickson and Ghere, 2014). Management of KGC Ltd needs to design and adopt effective practices for minimizing the dumping of sludge in the river. In addition to this, company should focus on strict compliance with environmental laws and regulations of country. It is because compromise with these laws may impose regulatory fines and ban on company operations. Company can utilize advanced technologies for removal of ore slug from river. It is also the responsibility of KGC to focus on CSR activities like participation in river cleaning practices. These practices may help the company to restore its legitimacy (Bobocel et al., 2011). Image restoration theory is also helpful to the management of KGC Ltd for the purpose of restoring the legitimacy of business. Through the use of this theory, the company may focus on planning and communication of CSR practices like minimization of waste flow from operations, and initiatives related to river water purification for restoring its image as well as legitimacy (Heath and O'Hair, 2010). Ways to Record the Cost of the Harm Associated With the Sludge Spill There are different ways, in which management of KGC Ltd can record the cost of the harm associated with the sludge spill with its operations such as recording of historical environmental cost, recording of current pollution cost related to company operations, and recording of future environmental costs (Burritt et al., 2011). Recording of the historical environmental cost is a way which provides an idea about the volume of ore sludge spill associated with company operations from past facts. These facts are actual data and more believable for people and management of the company. On the basis of such figures, the company can measure the harmful effects of its operations over environment and community. But, the historical facts and data cannot serve future strategic planning of the company, as it does not have scope for current and future business strategies (Epstein and Buhovac, 2014). At the same time, recording of current pollution cost is also a good way to record cost of the harm associated with sludge spill. Under this method, the environmental costs can be recorded by company in terms of pollution associated with its operations. The cost of environmental remediation practices can be recovered by the company from customers by adding cost of remedial practices to total product cost. But, it is very difficult for the company track or separates the environmental costs of specific products in business (Chapman and Ciment, 2015). Apart from these, the third method which can be considered as appropriate is a recording of future environmental cost of company operations. It is based on planning or making estimates of environmental harms and costs associated with remedial practices that may be occurred in a particular business year. This method is appropriate for the management of KGC Ltd because through the use of this company may pre-plan the budget for environmental remedial practices. It will also enable the company to meet out restoring of legitimacy purpose of business through investing in environmental restoration programs (Burritt et al., 2011). Conclusion On the basis of above, it can be concluded that there are two types of assets valuation methods available to KGC Ltd such as historical cost method and the fair value method. Fair value approach is identified as an appropriate method. It can also be concluded that it is an important strategy for KGC Ltd to invest in environmental remedial practices like reducing ore-waste spill and cleaning of river water being polluted due to company waste for the restoration of its legitimacy and brand image. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J. (2010) Financial Accounting. 11th edn. USA: Cengage Learning. Bobocel, D.R., Kay, A.C., Zanna, M.P., and Olson, J.M. (2011) The Psychology of Justice and Legitimacy. USA: Taylor Francis. Buchanan, A. (2010) Human Rights, Legitimacy, and the Use of Force. USA: Oxford University Press. Burritt, R.L., Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., Pohjola, T., and Csutora, M. (2011) Environmental Management Accounting and Supply Chain Management. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Caraiani, and Chiraha (2015) Green Accounting Initiatives and Strategies for Sustainable Development. USA: IGI Global. Chapman, R., and Ciment, J. (2015) Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices. UK: Routledge. Epstein, M.J., and Buhovac, A.R. (2014) Making Sustainability Work: Best Practices in Managing and Measuring Corporate Social, Environmental, and Economic Impacts. USA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Flood, J. M. (2014) Wiley GAAP 2015: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. USA: John Wiley Sons. Frederickson, H.G., and Ghere, R.K. (2014) Ethics in Public Management. UK: Routledge. Ginter, P. M. (2013) The Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations. 7th edn. USA: John Wiley Sons. Greenberg, M. D., Helland, E., Clancy, N., and Dertouzos, J. N. (2013) Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and Systemic Risk. USA: Rand Corporation. Heath, R.L., and O'Hair, H.D. (2010) Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication. UK: Routledge. Henham, R. (2013) Sentencing and the Legitimacy of Trial Justice. USA: Routledge. Jacobs, L. and Baglay, S. (2016) The Nature of Inquisitorial Processes in Administrative Regimes: Global Perspectives. USA: Routledge. Kramer, M. H. (2011) the Ethics of Capital Punishment: A Philosophical Investigation of Evil and its Consequences. UK: OUP Oxford. Larmer, R. A. (2013) The Legitimacy of Miracle. USA: Lexington Books. Linger, H., and Owen, J. (2012) The Project as a Social System: Asia-Pacific Perspectives on Project Management. Australia: Monash University Publishing. Lucarelli, S., Cerutti, F., Schmidt, V. A. (2011) Debating Political Identity and Legitimacy in the European Union. USA: Routledge. Maraghy, H. E. (2011) Enabling Manufacturing Competitiveness and Economic Sustainability. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Pelling, M. (2010) Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation. USA: Routledge. Penman, S. (2011) Accounting for Value. USA: Columbia University Press. Phillips, R.A. (2011) Stakeholder Theory. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Rotberg, R. I. (2010) When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. USA: Princeton University Press. Stoner, J. (2012) Managing Climate Change Business Risks and Consequences: Leadership for Global Sustainability. Germany: Springer. Stout, M. (2012) Logics of Legitimacy: Three Traditions of Public Administration Praxis. USA: CRC Press. Swayne, L. E. and Dodds, M. (2011) Encyclopedia of Sports Management and Marketing. USA: SAGE Publications. Trevino, L. K. and Nelson, K. A. (2010) Managing Business Ethics. 5th edn. USA: John Wiley Sons. Trucco, S. (2015) Financial Accounting: Development Paths and Alignment to Management Accounting in the Italian Context. Germany: Springer.

Social work organizations

Introduction Social work organizations form part of the society. Social workers interact with the community on an everyday basis in their attempt to improve the living standard of the people in the society. Criminal justice agencies also play a vital role in the society by ensuring that law and order is maintained.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Social Work Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a short essay that analyses the weaknesses and strengths of both governmental and non-governmental social organizations. In this essay, an opinion will also be aired in regard to whether criminal justice agencies should be privatized or not. Social Work Organizations Social work organizations are very vital in the society as they assist needy people to access basic facilities such as shelter, providing hostage for children away from their abusive homes, helping the jobless make ends meet among others . Social work organizations can be governmental or private. Both the governmental and private social work organizations have strengths and weakness. Governmental social work organizations have got much strength with the most profound one being easy accessibility of funds. The governmental social work organizations obtain their funds from the tax payers and thus they can accommodate larger budgets and do not waste time in sourcing for funds; more social workers can thus be employed. On the other hand, source of funding is a weakness on the part of the private social work organizations as they have to privately source for funds which may take significant amount of time and energy which could otherwise be utilized in carrying out the actual tasks they are meant to. Due to uncertainty of privately raising funds, in most cases private organizations employ limited social workers thus their scope of work is limited (McEntire, 2007). The governmental social work organizations incur fewer co sts by utilizing economies of scale since they are large. In the contrast, private social work organizations can not utilize economies of scale but instead nay suffer diseconomies of scale due to their small sizes. Viewing the size from a different perspective, the private social work organizations have a chance of being better managed by the virtual that small organizations are easily manageable. This is in contrast to the governmental organizations which are large and may not be managed effectively due to their size (McEntire, 2007).Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The governmental social work organizations have access to governmental information which can greatly help to offer helpful and up to date information to the society on various issues. This will make it possible for the government social workers to carry out their duties successfully. On the other hand, the priv ate social work organizations may not access much governmental information on various issues but can instead specialize in one line, for instance rehabilitation of addicts, where they can offer the best specialized assistance thus being the best in that line (Chapin, 2010). Criminal Justice Agencies Whether the criminal justice agencies should be privatized or not has been a contentious issue. There are some agencies which are in the private hands while others are still within the governmental jurisdiction. Private organizations make use of private security to safe guard their property. The private security agencies have limited scope (Shichor Gilbert, 2000). I believe that there is a need for some of the criminal justice agencies to be privatized as they are at present while some should not be. Private and governmental criminal justice agencies should coordinate and not view each other as rivals. The court system however should remain solidly in the arms of the government. Conclus ion Private and governmental social work organizations have strengths and weakness. Ability to easily access funds is a huge advantage to the government social work organizations while at the same time a big disadvantage to the private social work organizations. Some of the criminal justice agencies should be privatized while others should remain within the control of the government. References Chapin, R. (2010). Social Policy for Effective Practice: A Strengths Approach. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. McEntire, D.A. (2007). Disciplines, disasters, and emergency management: the convergence and divergence of concepts, issues and trends from the research literature. New York, NY: Charles C Thomas.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Social Work Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Shichor, D Gilbert, M. (2000). Privatization in criminal justice: past, present, and future. New York, NY: Elservier. This assessment on Social Work Organizations was written and submitted by user Camryn U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Computer Risks and Exposures Essay Example

Computer Risks and Exposures Essay Example Computer Risks and Exposures Paper Computer Risks and Exposures Paper Computer Risks and Exposures Computers of all kinds within an organisation are constantly faced with a variety of risks and exposures. It is helpful if we first define these terms: Computer risk Probability that an undesirable event could turn into a loss Computer exposure Results from a threat from an undesirable event that has the potential to become a risk Vulnerability A flaw or weakness in the system that can turn into a threat or a risk The total impact of computer risks range from minor to devastating and could include any or all of: Loss of sales or revenues Loss of profits Loss of personnel Failure to meet government requirements or laws Inability to serve customers Inability to sustain growth Inability to operate effectively and efficiently Inability to compete successfully for new customers Inability to stay ahead of the competition Inability to stay independent without being acquired or merged Inability to maintain present customer/client base Inability to control costs I nability to cope with advancements in technology Inability to control employees involved in illegal activities Damage to business reputation Complete business failure Computer risks. exposures and losses may be characterised as intentional or unintentional and may involve actual damage, alteration of data or programs as well as unauthorised dissemination of information. Objects which can be affected include physical items such as the hardware or hard-copy outputs which are both vulnerable to risks such as theft or loss; the tele-communications system which can cause major corporate grief if unavailable for any reason as well as being vulnerable to internal or external penetration; the applications software which, being a major control lement, is vulnerable to change, bypassing or direct sabotage; systems software such as the operating system itself which can also be amended or circumvented; computer operations where control procedures may be amended or bypassed and the data itself where virtually anything could happen. The risks in I. S. are the reverse of the control objectives and must be treated as business risks. As such they are the responsib ility of executive management with enforcement at a technical level. Obviously, the relative importance of risks will vary and the control techniques will vary from industry to industry and from company to company. The risks may be minimised but they can never be totally eliminated. Computer System Threats Threats may come from either external or internal sources and may be intentional or unintentional as well as malicious or non-malicious. Internal threats may come from: Users Management IS Auditors IS Staff Others Acting alone or in collusion. Users Threats from this source are the most commonly occurring and include errors, fraud, breach of confidentiality (commonly accidentally) or malicious damage. The most common causes of these threats are poor supervisory control combined with poor personnel procedures. In many cases far too much power has been granted to users who already have access to the assets. In many cases the users have an in-depth knowledge of the system’s control weaknesses and are in a position to exploit them. Management Threats here again include error and fraud but may also include systems manipulation for Corporate reasons such as profit smoothing or advance booking of sales or delayed recording of costs. Again breach of confidentiality is a hazard together with malicious damage. Common causes here are likely to involve inadequate segregation of duties with management, in many cases, unquestioned regarding decisions they make and transactions they authorise. This, combined with poor personnel procedures and too much power granted, can lead to major problems, particularly when combined with management’s access to assets and their authority to override conventional control levels. IS Auditors A commonly ignored threat, IS auditors again are in a position to commit errors or fraud, to breach confidentiality or cause malicious damage. In many cases there is little or no supervisory control exercised and far too much power granted. The auditors have access to the assets and a detailed knowledge of system weaknesses. In addition they have the right to attempt to break the system, although it is not supposed to be for their gain. IS Staff Threats here include the normal problems of error, fraud and breach of confidentiality as well as malicious damage. In this case, however, the impact of errors etc. tend to be further reaching since they may affect, not single transactions, but every transaction passing through a system. Once again the most common problem is accidental destruction rather than deliberate sabotage. Common causes are typically too much power granted, for example granting of access to live data; poor change control and ineffective division of duties. In many cases computer staff hold the keys to the kingdom and again they have the power associated with knowledge of the system. Others Other people also have access to computer systems, including engineers, salespersons etc. Threats here include again errors, fraud, loss of confidentiality as well as malicious damage and accidental destruction. Common causes in these cases include poor disposal of outputs, careless talk, inadequate access control both physical and logical, publicity and the advent and promotion of open systems. External Threats Threats may come from legitimate external users as well as inter-computer links such as the Internet, Electronic Data Interchange systems, system hackers and viral attacks as well as from natural causes. Such threats are commonly caused by inadequate logical access control resulting in high value systems being unguarded. A poor security attitude within staff coupled with an incorrect concept of Computer Security and an incorrect risk evaluation can also open up such exposures. Risk Management With such a plethora of risk exposures, management must adopt a position on risk. It may involve any or all of accepting the risk, reducing the risk (normally by increased internal control) or transferring the risk. The option which is NOT acceptable is simply ignoring the risk. In order to adopt an appropriate position, management must know and understand the risk. The Risk-based Audit Approach In order to achieve an audit which is both efficient and effective, the risk-based approach allows the auditor to focusing in areas of highest impact. The initial audit activity is therefore to gather or update information about the organisation in order to determine the audit strategy. This determination includes forming audit judgments regarding the organisation and assessing the inherent and control risks in order to determine the appropriate audit testing plan. Inherent risk may be seen as the risks the organisation faces without the mitigating impact of internal controls. Control risks involved those elements of inherent risk not successfully mitigated by the internal control structures. The initial information required would include knowledge of the organisations business and place within its industry, as well as a knowledge of the applicable accounting, auditing and regulatory standards within the industry. These allow the determination of the overall business objectives of the organisation or departmental function. Once the business objectives have been determined the auditor may proceed to identify and isolate the individual details control objectives. For example, the overall objective of the purchasing function is to buy items for the organisation. The control objectives for this function would include ensuring that only the right items are purchased, at the right price, in the right quantity, of the right quality, in an authorised manner, for delivery to the right place at the right time. The risks then become those factors which can prevent fully or partially the achievement of the control objectives. The auditor must then determine which controls will mitigate those risks and what source of evidence exists as to the adequacy and effectiveness of that mitigation. Even prior to testing, the auditor can determine the adequacy of the control structures designed to mitigate the risk on the assumption that the controls function as intended. In other words, if all controls function as intended, would the risks be controlled to management’s predetermined acceptable level. Once the source of evidence has been identified, the auditor can select the appropriate audit technique to determine whether the control objective has been achieved. These techniques could include interviews, reviews of documentation, reviews of systems or the use of computer-assisted audit techniques. After the auditor has decided upon the appropriate audit technique, the appropriate audit tool may be selected. For example if the technique is to interview, the auditor must decide whether the interview will be face-to-face, by telephone, or by videoconferencing. If the technique is to review data on files within the computer, the tool could be generalised audit software, general-purpose software or a specific audit software.

How to Plan for College 5 Tips for 9th Graders

How to Plan for College 5 Tips for 9th Graders SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you have college aspirations, you can and should start planning for college during your freshman year of high school. You want to make sure you're on the right path and have a solid plan in place to help you navigate the college process and eventually reach your goals. In this article, I'll detail what to include inyour 9th grade college planning. Then, I'll explain what you don't yet need to worry about. It’s Not Too Early to Think About How to Plan for College If you’re thinking that 9th grade is too early to start preparing for college, you’re wrong. Some of what you do in 9th grade will impact your college applications and influence admissions decisions. Many of my former students told me in their senior year that they wished they’d developed good study habits or knew more about what they’d need to do to get into college when they were freshmen. Also, if you have the mindset in 9th grade that you’re going to college, you’ll be much more likely to stay on the path to achieving your college goals. Below, I outline the five most important tips for 9th grade college planning. #1: Take the Right Classes When you start high school, you need to make sure you’re taking a college prep curriculum. Talk to your counselor to ensure that you’re on a college prep track. In many schools, the math or foreign language class you take in your freshman year of high school will determine what level you’re able to reach when you’re a senior in high school. Colleges will evaluate you based on the classes you’ve taken. If you have any aspirations of attending a top college, the most selective schools want to see that you’re challenging yourself and taking some of the hardest classes that are offered at your school. You don’t have to take every single honors or AP class, but to get into the top schools, you should demonstrate that you can do well in the most difficult classes. I do recommend taking honors or AP classes in the subjects you're best at and the subjects you're considering studying in college. Here's an example of a good freshman schedule for a student who wants to be competitive for admission to elite colleges. Note that this is just a rough guide, and you can take a more or less challenging schedule depending on your skill level and the courses offered at your high school: Honors Biology Geometry Honors English World History Spanish I PE Elective #2: Get Good Grades Believe it or not, your freshman year grades do matter for college admissions. Colleges will look at your freshman year grades, and your grades in your freshman year will influence your high school GPA and class rank. Furthermore, if you get good grades in your freshman year, you’ll be more likely to get good grades in your sophomore and junior years. You’ll have developed the skills and habits that will allow you to continue to be successful academically. Learn more about how to get a 4.0 and better grades. If you don’t do as well as you’d like in your freshman year, it doesn’t mean that your college dreams are doomed, though. Undoubtedly, your sophomore and junior year grades are more important to colleges. #3: Get Involved in Extracurriculars Other than your grades and test scores, your extracurricular activities probably have the biggest influence on the quality of your college applications. Colleges, especially top colleges, want their students to have exceptional achievements outside of the classroom, and they’re looking for individuals who use their leisure time to pursue their passions. Some students believe they need to be well-rounded and do a ton of extracurriculars; however, for college admissions, it may be more advantageous for you to develop a â€Å"spike† and exhibit excellence in a particular activity or field. If you play a sport, you can focus your energies on reaching the highest level in your sport and becoming a recruited athlete. If you excel in math, you can use your time outside of school to practice for and compete in math competitions. You should be participating in extracurricular activities during your freshman year of high school. Colleges prefer to see a sustained commitment to your activities. It’s more impressive to do one activity for four years and continue to show growth in that activity than it is to start doing a bunch of activities in your junior year. Furthermore, getting involved in extracurriculars now increases your odds of gaining leadership positions or winning awards later in your high school career. Learn what to do if you’re struggling to find extracurriculars. Maybe you can join the basketball team. Image source:David Holmes/Flickr #4: Start Preliminary College Research When you’re a freshman in high school, you don’t need to know which college you want to go to. You don’t even need to have much of an idea of which colleges you want to apply to. However, you can start thinking about what you’re looking for in a college. What do you want to study? What geographic region do you want to be in? You can play around with college finders to get an idea of different schools that may be good for you. You can also visit local college campuses to see what they're like and get a small taste of college life. Once you have an idea of a few colleges that may interest you, you can get a better idea of what you need to do to get admitted. Google "PrepScholar[name of school] admissions" to get the acceptance rates, average GPAs, and average standardized test scores for different colleges. If you know the grades you'll need to get into different schools, that can help you stay on track. Furthermore, you can also go on colleges' websites and look at their admission requirements so you know whichclasses you should be taking. It's perfectly OK if you're unsure at this point what you want in a college, and it's very possible that you'll change your mind before you graduate from high school, even if you think you know where you want to go. Keep in mind, though, that it's good to start thinking about college in general and to realize that what you do throughout high school will impact your college options. #5: Involve Your Parents This advice applies primarily to students whose parents didn’t go to college or are unfamiliar with the college application process. Even if your parents went to college, it's probably been a while and they may have fears or concerns about your college goals. If your parents aren’t pushing you to go to college, you can let them know about your desires to attend. If you get them involved with your college planning, they can be more supportive and helpful. Inform themwhy you want to go to college. Also, many parents worry about the cost of attending college. Some parents will incorrectly assume that their children can’t go to college because they’re unable to afford the full cost of attendance. You may want to direct them to our articles on how to save for college and financial aid. At this point, mostly it's important to know that finances shouldn't be a barrier to you attending college. Between grants, scholarships, and possibly loans, a college education should be accessible to you regardless of your financial situation. If your parents are pushing you to go to college or are generally stressing you out about college, you can try to reassure them by letting them know you have a plan (make sure you have a plan first). All of you can read this article and our other articles about college admissions. If possible, try to get your parents involved in your college planning. What Not to Worry About as a Freshman While it’s good to start thinking about how to plan for college in the 9th grade, you should remember that you still have substantial time to prepare yourself for college. Try to avoid stressing about college now. Your education and future are important, but so are your happiness and emotional well-being. Here are some specific aspects of planning for college that you don’t really have to be too concerned with in 9th grade. The SAT or ACT You’ve probably heard of the SAT and the ACT. Most colleges require you to take one of these tests to gain admission. A higher score will increase your chances of getting into selective colleges. In the 9th grade, you don’t have to actively prepare for these tests, but you can start to familiarize yourself with them and the skills you’ll need to acquire. The math section of the SAT and the ACT tests you on algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Most likely, you’ll need at least a couple of years of high school math before you’ll know enough to be able to maximize your score. Also, your reading and writing skills, which are tested on these standardized tests, will improve with continued reading and the work you’ll be doing in your English classes. On the other hand, if you’re interested in attending a competitive summer program that requires you to submit SAT or ACT scores, then you should spend more time during your freshman year preparing. Even though you don’t have to worry about these standardized tests during your freshman year, it’s not too early to start studying for either the SAT or ACT. You can prepare for and take the PSAT or PreACT. Learn about how to study for the SAT/ACT as a 9th grader. If you start doing some consistentlight test prep early, you'll be more ready and relaxed when you're taking these tests during your junior or senior year when your schoolwork will be more rigorous, and you may be working on your college applications. However, I don't think you should be too concerned with your standardized tests in 9th grade. The Best College for You We get many comments from 8th and 9th graders stating their desire to go to a specific college. While it’s great to have goals and dreams, you don’t need to know where you want to go to college in 9th grade. You have a couple of years before you have to start seriously considering the schools that you want to apply to. Furthermore, as you mature and learn more about different colleges, you may very well change your dream school. You may end up deciding to pursue a different career path or change what you’re looking for in a college. There’s nothing wrong with altering your goals or priorities as you learn more. At this point in your high school career, you should spend the majority of your time developing the skills and qualifications to give yourself as many college options as possible. Perhaps you’re assuming now that you’ll go to your local state college that may not be overly selective. Maybe its incoming students have an average GPA of 3.2. However, if in the summer before your senior year, you decide that you want to go to a more prestigious college in another region of the country, you’ll have many more options if you have a 3.9 GPA. If You Can Afford College While it’s not a bad idea to save for college early, you don’t have to be overly concerned in the 9th grade with thoughts of whether you’ll be able to afford to attend. If you’re worried about college costs, you can start looking for and applying to scholarships, but many scholarships are only open to older students. Again, just realize that cost shouldn’t prevent you from attending college. Most students receive some form of financial aid and don’t pay the listed cost of attendance. Additionally, if you excel in school and end up with good test scores, you’ll be more likely to receive merit scholarships and be admitted to colleges that offer the most generous financial aid. What's Next? Do you want to go to one of the most selective colleges? Find out which classes Ivy League schools require. Learn more about how many extracurriculars you need. Finally, you can learn from our fun infographic about how to apply for college, and everything you should be doing from 9th grade until the end of your senior year. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Cardiovascular disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cardiovascular disease - Research Paper Example It is estimated that around 23.6 million people will die from this type of disease by the year 2030 (Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control). Because of the significant effect of cardiovascular disease to the health and well-being of a significant percentage of the population, the causes and controls of this illness is necessary to investigate and fathom. Cardiovascular disease refers to any ailment that implicates the cardiovascular system which is comprised of the heart and blood vessels including the arteries, veins and capillaries. This class of disease includes but not limited to coronary heart disease, also known as coronary or ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysrhythmias, cor pulmonale, valvular heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease (Kelly 74). Usually, patients are not aware that they are prone or already have the diseases of this nature until they undergo a thorough medical examination. According to Seizer (27), examples of symptoms that signal the patients to seek medical attention are â€Å"sudden loss of consciousness, severe dizziness or faintness, severe chest pain, severe shortness of breath, or sudden onset of rapid heart action.† Chronic symptoms of shortness of breath, palpitations and chest pains are also common reasons for patients to go to hospitals. Undiagnosed heart problems often lead the patients to feel abnormal shortness of breath even when there is no strenuous activity being done. This is brought about by dyspenea, or the diseases of the heart and lungs associated to damaged function of the left ventricle, which leads to hyperventilation. Palpitations deals with the sudden and unusual heart action at unprovoked circumstances, affecting the heart to beat at an irregular pace. This abnormality is called arrhythmia. On the other hand, chest pain is the main symptom of

School Attending and Academic Performance Hypothesis Testing Essay - 1

School Attending and Academic Performance Hypothesis Testing - Essay Example What is the alternative hypothesis? The alternate hypothesis is H0: ÃŽ ¼ = 75.62 (Performance on a test of social skills is same.) What is the null hypothesis? The null hypothesis is Ha: ÃŽ ¼ ≠  75.62 (Performance on a test of social skills is different.) What should the researcher conclude about this relationship in the population? The researcher should conclude that attending a private high school does not lead to higher or lower performance on a test of social skills when compared to students attending public schools. Are the results significant? Explain your response. The results are not significant. The Zobt value of 1.54 falls within the non-rejection region (-1.960 to 1.960), thus the null hypothesis H0 is not rejected. What is the probability of making a Type I error?   The probability of making a Type I error (ÃŽ ±) is 0.05, as the Zcrit value of  ± 1.960 refers to 0.05 significance level for a two-tailed test. If a Type I error were made, what would it mean?   Type I error refers to rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true. Thus, if a Type I error were made, it would mean that attending a private high school leads to higher or lower performance on a test of social skills when compared to students attending public schools when in fact it is not true. What is the probability of making a Type II error? The probability of making a Type II error (ÃŽ ²) is about 0.6615. The power (1 – ÃŽ ²) of the test is 0.3385. If a Type II error were made, what would it mean? Type II error refers to not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false. Thus, if a Type II error were made, it would mean that attending a private high school does not lead to higher or lower performance on a test of social skills when compared to students attending public schools when in fact it is false.

Limitations of Intelligence assessment Essay Example for Free

Limitations of Intelligence assessment Essay Intelligence is defined as the ability for abstract thinking . It is the ability of an individual to act in a purposeful manner and think rationally as well as interact with the environment in an effective way. Some have also said that intelligence is whatever the intelligence tests assess which is usually dependent on the preferences of the test developer. According to Piaget, Intelligence is an equilibrium state towards which successive adaptatations of cognitive and sensorimotor patterns as well as accomodatory and assimilatory interactions between organism and environment tend towards (Flynn, 2007). Limitations of Intelligence assessment An intelligence assessment test does not show what an individual can do in specific areas and does not assess specific conditions such as dyslexia. A person with dyslexia may still have high intelligence quotient. An intelligence quotient score can be deceptive in that people with same IQ can have very different intellectual abilities. Furthermore, an IQ test does not measure raw intelligence or any absolute, inherent or innate ability. The IQ test is just a relative index of intelligence assessment which only compares one person’s performance with another of his own age (Flynn, 2007). Strengths of Intelligence assessment The strength lies in its purpose which can be educational, medical, research and vocational. In terms of vocation, IQ tests are used for vocational guidance as different vocations call for different aptitudes . In research IQ test are used to study mental growth as mental ability develop sequentially from birth onwards and so intelligence assessment can be used to see direction of individual and group curve it is also used in research to indicate the extent of differences of IQs among children of same calendar age and this will imply the need to provide materials at the different levels of difficulty. In medicine, IQ assessment is used to characterize the degree of mental retardation so as to evolve adequate management strategies. In education, it is used to identify gifted children and for homogenous grouping of children for educational effectiveness.

Socioeconomic effects on children :: essays research papers

When Both Parents are Employed Socio-economic conditions in North America have contributed to the need for dual incomes for families. Economically, â€Å"the number of two parent families below the poverty line would increase to an estimated 78% if they were to become single income families.† (Ontario Women’s Directorate 9) Socially, it was the norm, in the past, for women to stay at home having a more expressive role in the family; taking care of the children and providing emotional support for the family. Presently, women feel that their traditional roles as child bearers and homemakers must be supplemented with a sense of achievement outside the home. Recent studies reflect an increased trend towards the dual income family and projections are for this trend to continue. In 1961, 30% of married women were working; in 1978, 38% were employed; by 1981 50% were working and in 1985, 55% held paying positions outside the home. (Jarman and Howlett 95) In 1961, only 20% of all two parent families were! dual wage families, but by 1986, more than half (53%) of all families were dual earning families. (Ramu 26) In light of the fact that the majority of two parent families in the 1990’s have also become dual wage earning families, it is important to examine the effects of such a phenomenon on society in general and on child rearing in particular. Children acquire their goals, values and norms based on the way that they view or identify with their parents as well as from the quality and amount of care, love and guidance given to them by their parents. Parents who work present a different image to their children than parents who do not work. In addition, wage earners, including parents, must (in most cases), be absent from the home during the day. When considering these modifications to the family dynamics, there is considerable basis for proof that the positive effects outweigh the negative effects experienced by offspring in families were both parents are employed. The working parent occupies an important exemplary role within the family. Working parents often command considerable respect from their children, because they demonstrate the worthy characteristics of industriousness, social compatibility, self reliance, maturity, intelligence and responsibility. Because children identify with their parents, the feedback from such positive influences tends to be positive as well because many of these positive characteristics are imparted upon them.

Commentary: Moon Tiger, 1987, by Penelope Lively

-Make notes on health -Make case study notes on hydrology and coasts -Do past questions on coasts & hydrology -Do poem essay -Plan kinder transport essay Commentary: Moon Tiger, 1987, by Penelope Lively This monologue depicts the thoughts of an elderly woman who is dying in a hospital. She gives us a her views and description of language which shows us the importance it holds in her life. She talks about the history of language saying ‘we open our mouths and out flow words whose ancestries we do not even know. ’ This shows that she cares greatly about words and their origin and it is important to her that more people care about it as well.The rhyming of ‘flow’ and ‘know’, may also have a humorous effect as it suggests that she is playing with the words. She also uses imagery to describe what words are like saying they ‘blow with the wind, hibernate, reawaken, shelter parasitic on the most unlikely hosts, survive and survive and surviveâ₠¬â„¢. She personifies language, comparing it to an animal or a plant that does not die but rejuvinates. This indicates how strongly she feels about language. She describes it as being immortal as it will never end. This might give an insight as to how she may feel about dying.She may want to survive her illness, hence the repetition of ‘survive’. The repetition of this word draws emphasis to it. She may hope to live on through her words. She continues to compare language, using metaphors, to other aspects of nature such as when she says ‘it was like grains of sand on the shore, the leaves on the great ash outside my bedroom window, immeasurable and unconquerable’. The use of the similies gives us an image of how vast and large language is as the decription depicts how timeless and endless words are.She also makes use of the strong adjectives, ‘immeasurable’ and ‘unconquerable’ and how much power language holds to her and maybe how she feels when she uses it. She depicts people as ‘walking lexicons’, objectifying them. This may indicate that she cares more about language than people and suggests that she believes that words have a significant effect on people’s lives and shows the importance of it to her. Through this we get a good sense of her character. We see that she is quite a proud person. We get flashbacks of her life as a child when she is ‘gloating over Gordon who ould not spell ANTIDISESTABLISHMENTARIANISM, the longest word in the dictionary’. This shows how proud she is of her knowledge of language as she holds it over others. She also puts emphasis on the word which tells us more about how confident she is on the subject. She collected names of stars and plants such as ‘Arcturus’, ‘Betelgeuse’ and ‘toadflax’. These words are not very common to come across and may also suggest how smug she is about how much she knows on language . Similarly, it may show how superior she feels knowing this information. It is her hobby to collect words which shows the importance of it in her life.Another flashback we get of her is when she is taking care of her daughter as a child. These flashbacks give us a sense of her backstory and her character. She admits to herself that she is not a good mother and uses the word ‘repellent’ to describe her feelings towards children. This is quite a strong negative word to use towards children as most people love children and wouldn’t describe them this way. It is also a great contrast to the way she talks about words and language. She talks about ‘the excitement of language’ and how it is ‘immeasurable’ and ‘inconquerable’.She clearly doesn’t feel the same way about children as she describes them as ‘boring’ and ‘distracting’. She gets impatient with her young daughter, correcting ‘the inan ities’, who is barely able to pronounce words correctly. She uses plosives, saying , ‘There are no such things as bow-wows and gee-gees’. This shows that she is gettig irked by a minor problem with language and shows her intolerance. It also shows that she is a stern person. We are made to feel sympathetic for her at the beginning of the extract as she says, ‘Today language abandonned me’.This show how stranded she feels without being able to recall as much about language as she used to. She refers to it how she would refer to a friend that had left her. She continues on ‘staring into a void’, whih emphasises how empty and lonely she feels without it. She starts to list words, ‘vase, cupoard, window, cutain’, which also highlights the panic she feels when she is not able to remember simple words. Language has been her strong suit through life, #her hobby and her friend and now it has ‘abandonned’ her, she feels helpless.

Out of Time

Out of Time is a poem written by Kenneth Slessor and is one of his personally favorite poems to date he has written. Time is personified in this poem, but also associated with the natural phenomenon of water, or vessels such as yachts seen on Slessor’s favorite location, Sydney Harbor (which is itself personified). Personification gives immediacy to an abstraction such as time, and elicits evaluative responses which are more arresting than an address to an abstraction could ever be. So Slessor finds that Time ‘enfolds me in its bed’, but – in the next line – it is ‘the bony knife’ which ‘runs me through. Seeing time everywhere, he notes that it flows through all things and his heart rebukes him: â€Å"Time flows, not you. † Kenneth Slessor constantly reminds us during the first part of the poem that time itself cannot be slowed down or stopped; it is just a force that never stops or runs out. He seems pessimistic about the subject of Time though, as he constantly keeps repeating himself which is why he chose the title for the poem as, ‘Out of Time’ because no matter what, Time will never stop for anyone or anything. He is the pawn of Time whose mastery is complete and indifferent to his emotions: it ‘drills me, drives through bone and vein’, just as ‘water bends the seaweeds in the sea. ’ Time may be cruelly dominant, but the speaker’s view of himself is worse: ‘the tide goes over but the weeds remain’. Yet the engagement with Time and its indifference to us. In both senses, we are, ‘Out of Time’: that is, at once part of its scheme, but then abandoned by it; and also (as in music) out of kilter with its rhythms and purposes. Contrastingly, in the second section, Time is now seen at a disadvantage (which, again, is given immediacy by personification). Time, always flowing, cannot abide in the lovely moments it affords. Ever changing, he is subservient to ‘to-morrow’ and deaf to the entreaties of such as ‘beauty’, urging him to be ‘still’. This is his ‘fate’. Slessor’s execration of Time intensifies as the stanzas proceed, as he proceeds himself through a depressing sequence of ‘dead now’s and heres’: ‘He keeps appointment with a million years’. In contrast, by implication, our limited human experience now begins to appear preferable: ‘I and the moment laugh, and let him go, / Leaning against his golden undertow. ’ Thesis and antithesis anticipate synthesis. Slessor’s threefold ordering of the poem has the structure of an argument. Accordingly, the third section celebrates what the first section denigrated: the moment out of time that liberates us from our time-bound world. Cleverly, Slessor takes a word separate from language to celebrate this escape from ordinariness. The speaker, so critical of himself earlier, now celebrates himself as ‘part’ of a dispensation that is ‘fleshless and ageless, changeless and made free†. His heart, in a rhetorical question, inquires: ‘Fool, would you leave this country? ’ But, as the first word suggest, it is not finally a rhetorical query, as the poem, in closing, returns to its beginning. Time’s ever-flowing processes cannot be resisted: ‘ I was taken by the suck of sea’, and mortality is grimly recovered is grimly recovered, along with the original imagery of the first section in a rhyming couplet that is too pat: ‘ The gulls go down, the body dies and rots, / And Time flows past them like a hundred yachts. In my opinion this is one of my favorite poems of Kenneth Slessor so far, as all 3 parts interconnect with each other which allows for very deep and meaningful analysis. He also discusses and describe that time cannot be controlled or stopped, it only flow’s on which most people and including me, can instantly relate to.

Free Essays on Home

Home : (hà ´m) n. 1. a. A place where one lives: residence. b. An apartment or house. 2. A household. 3. A place of origin. 4. A habitat, as of an animal or plant. 5. the goal in a game as in baseball. 6. An institution for those who need help or care syns: Abode, Digs, Dwelling, Habitation, House, Lodgings, Pad, Place,-adv. 1. At or toward home. 2. At the center of a target. 3. To the heart or center.-v. homed, hom-ing. 1. To return home. 2. To be guided to a target electronically. To many the above definition is what they believe is â€Å"home† however, to me â€Å"home† is my family. I was never privileged with being able to live in one area long enough to call it home. I do not have friends I have known from kindergarten or people who have known me for more than 5 years. Instead, I am honored with the life of a military brat. My father served our country to keep its citizens free and happy. In the process I have moved twenty two times in eighteen years. Many who consider the above definition to be true often wonder whether I regret this life. How could someone regret the opportunities this lifestyle opened to me. I was able to move all over the Morabito 2 world, meet people from all different ethnic origins, attend dinners with heads of states at the white house, and work at Marine Land and The Astor Mansion. Even though I never had close friends growing up I did have one of the most supporting families in the world. My family has stuck together threw many different trails, the most recent one being the Terrorist Attack on America. A plane flew into my father’s office at the Pennington, and my cousin perished when the plane she was flying on crashed into one of the World Trade Center towers. Although these attacks on our country hit home, it also bound my family even closer than we were before. Also, it was the support of my family and my history with moving so frequently that made the transition to college easier. ... Free Essays on Home Free Essays on Home Home : (hà ´m) n. 1. a. A place where one lives: residence. b. An apartment or house. 2. A household. 3. A place of origin. 4. A habitat, as of an animal or plant. 5. the goal in a game as in baseball. 6. An institution for those who need help or care syns: Abode, Digs, Dwelling, Habitation, House, Lodgings, Pad, Place,-adv. 1. At or toward home. 2. At the center of a target. 3. To the heart or center.-v. homed, hom-ing. 1. To return home. 2. To be guided to a target electronically. To many the above definition is what they believe is â€Å"home† however, to me â€Å"home† is my family. I was never privileged with being able to live in one area long enough to call it home. I do not have friends I have known from kindergarten or people who have known me for more than 5 years. Instead, I am honored with the life of a military brat. My father served our country to keep its citizens free and happy. In the process I have moved twenty two times in eighteen years. Many who consider the above definition to be true often wonder whether I regret this life. How could someone regret the opportunities this lifestyle opened to me. I was able to move all over the Morabito 2 world, meet people from all different ethnic origins, attend dinners with heads of states at the white house, and work at Marine Land and The Astor Mansion. Even though I never had close friends growing up I did have one of the most supporting families in the world. My family has stuck together threw many different trails, the most recent one being the Terrorist Attack on America. A plane flew into my father’s office at the Pennington, and my cousin perished when the plane she was flying on crashed into one of the World Trade Center towers. Although these attacks on our country hit home, it also bound my family even closer than we were before. Also, it was the support of my family and my history with moving so frequently that made the transition to college easier. ...

What do Women Writers Want from an Editor

What do Women Writers Want from an Editor What do Women Writers Want from an Editor? Laurie Garrison, Ph.D.  is the director of Women Writers School, a blog and course provider that works mainly with female authors. She has recently self-published a manifesto for her business, Women Writers in the Twenty-First Century. Previously, she was a university lecturer, an internationally renown critic of Victorian literature and the author of the book,  Science, Sexuality and Sensation Novels: Pleasures of the Senses.The online world is bursting with free advice for writers. Everywhere I look I see articles geared toward helping the writer shape her emails, pitches, proposals, synopses and, above all, her manuscripts into something an agent, editor or publisher wants to see. When the time comes to approach our target reader (whether they're an agent, editor or publisher), we must tread very carefully indeed. We must make no approach until we have completed the necessary research on titles, authors, style and interests (not our own but those of our target reader).When we make that first contact, we must be concise and get straight to the point. Our reader has very little time to spare. We must list our achievements with confidence but not boast too much, lest we irritate our reader before the attachment is even opened. We must choose the perfect comparison titles, but only those that strongly resonate with our intended reader, and we must get this right or a door will slam in our faces. We must be keen but not so keen that we ever chase for a response because, unless successful, a response is just too much to expect.Publishing Advice and Women’s Experience: Is Change Afoot?This detail-oriented, anxiety-ridden, almost desperate determination to shape oneself into whatever it is the recipient on the other end of the email journey wants is familiar to a lot of women, not just in publishing but in other competitive professional situations as well. The question of whether a woman should mold herself to fit the world around her (what I’d cal l the 'Lean In' approach) or whether it is the outside world that needs to change (what I’d call the 'Lean Out' approach) is a subject of much debate in modern feminism. Clearly, the majority of us in publishing are taking the 'Lean In' approach, not least because sometimes we just want to get published and will have to reform the world at another time.However, we are operating at a time where things are changing quickly. I wonder if a changed world, where agents, editors, and publishers cater more to the needs of writers, might not be so far away after all. In recent years, the rise of ebooks, the social web, and self-publishing have turned traditional publishing on its head. Dedicated independent authors can now sell as many books as authors from the Big Five. In the new status quo, it matters much, much more what the audience thinks than what the agent, editor or publisher thinks. "In the new status quo, what readers think matters MUCH more than what agents or publishers do" Add to this that women are experiencing a disproportionate amount of success in self-publishing, and I would very much like to ask, will there be a time where agents, publishers, and editors must cater not just to writers, but to women writers? What would the profession look like if it was shaped to suit the needs of female writers rather than the schedules and budgets of the publishing industry? For the sake of discussion, I propose that it would look very different from the world currently represented on publishing advice websites. That is where a writer is encouraged to mold every detail of herself and her work to fit what a hypothetical agent, editor or publisher is looking for -   whether the idea of that agent, editor or publisher is realistic or not. "What would publishing look like if it was shaped to suit the needs of female writers?" A New Kind of Writer-Editor RelationshipI’m going to propose a more equal relationship between writer and editor. It's a kind of relationship that represents what I think a woman wants from an editor. I can’t speak for all women, but I do speak from experience. I’m basing my description on many years of teaching mainly female students, supervising the work of postgraduate students (again, mostly female), working as an editor, teaming up with colleagues to act as co-editors and working with commissioning editors, peer reviewers and journal editors on my personal list of publications. I’m using ‘editor’ as a catch-all to mean anyone who takes part in a developmental editing process, so I think some or all of this could apply to agents, editors, and publishers.I believe there are three qualities to writer-editor relationships that work best for women. There needs to be a sense of shared responsibility for the quality of the work (as opposed to a top-down or competitive atmosphere), lots of personal interaction in the form of frequent communication, and the development of a long-term relationship where trust and familiarity can develop. Here’s what I think this would look like in practice.1. The process of editing and revising a manuscript would be a  team effortIn my best editing relationships, the editor reads the writer’s work with the intention of making the manuscript better, not with prescriptive solutions but with questions and pointers where the writing has become loose. After all, it should be the writer’s responsibility to come up with the solution. This type of back and forth between editor and writer is especially crucial when complex ideas are involved: spelling them out enough to engage the reader engages while avoiding the pitfall of being too pedantic. In my experience, this kind of collaboration works best through conversations, not email or comments on manuscripts. If there are multip le ways of improving particular portions of a text, a conversation is often the most successful means of working this out. "Editing often works best through conversations, not emails or comments on manuscripts." 2. The editor would be able to judge the right time to empower the writer to take charge of editorial decision-makingEvery manuscript is different, and every subject is different. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for any editing challenge. If the editor is acting as an expert on structure and style, then the writer should be the expert on content and whether or not proposed changes work with the content. I have done developmental editing on manuscripts about subjects as disparate as eighteenth-century phrenology and the US-UK special relationship in James Bond novels. My role as editor in these situations has been to think creatively about how that unique subject would be best presented to an audience, bearing in mind that the final say has to go to the author as the person who knows more about the subject than anyone else.Very often, editorial decisions will depend on subject matter expertise. At these times, pointing out where there are decisions to be made is a better course of action than trying to work out a solution.3. There would be a balance of positive and negative criticismThe process of editing focuses so much on negative criticism (with the best of intentions) that it is easy to forget that a writer also needs to know what works well in a manuscript and which are the stand-out points that should be kept at all costs. There have been times when I have got the distinct feeling that my editor was desperately searching for corrections to make. I mean, for example, lots of unnecessary fiddling with word choice when the edit was supposed to be a big picture view of the manuscript. Sometimes a manuscript doesn’t need much work, but an editor wants to feel like they’re doing their job. Not just in these situations, but in any editing task, we should seek to fill up at least some of the space with positive criticism because it can be equally helpful for honing technique and developing confidence. "The editing process often focuses too much on negative criticism" #amediting w. @lauriebg_ 4. There would be regular, enjoyable communication between editor and writerI have had a number of editing relationships where I really looked forward to the conversations I would have with my editor or with the writer. But I have had an equal amount where there was no possibility of having any conversation at all and I had to make my best guess at exactly what the editor was asking me to do when the comments were unclear. I just don’t think an editor-writer relationship can be completely successful if there is no possibility for conversations between the editor and writer, at the very least to get clarification on some of the comments. When communication has been at its best in my relationships of this type, discussing the manuscript is more of a brainstorming activity than an exercise of passing information back and forth.5. Both editor and writer would improve their own writing as a result of the writer-editor relationshipIn my best writer-editor relationships, the process of working so closely with another writer results in a transformation in my own writing in future manuscripts as well as the one at hand, regardless of which role I’m taking. This is what happens when you spend a large amount of time working on someone else’s writing, which can be a bit of an exercise in being in another person’s head. If you find someone you can work with on this level, hang on to that relationship, but also keep looking for others. Multiple relationships like this can open up all sorts of possibilities for experimenting with new styles and approaches. There are so many different ways a writer’s work can transform over the years of a career, and I think editing relationships have everything to do with this.This is what I think women want from an editor. I would love for this piece to start some discussion. Is this the way you imagine an ideal writer-editor relationship working, either for men or women? Or is there another way that works best for you? Leave me a comment in the box below, and I'll do my best to answer.

Lower Divison Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lower Divison Capstone - Essay Example K., & Versace, G.2011). Company authorities knew that the market was already ruled by some of the most prominent and famous luxury watch manufacturers such as the Anne Klein Watches, Rolex and Di Molodo Watches. Therefore, the Company authorities were well aware of the fact that the Company will have to deliberately set a low price because it faces a high degree of competition posed by legendary luxury watch manufacturer’s, who have been in the business from decades. Therefore, in launching the Versace Luxury Watches, the Company had to employ the theory of Price Penetration in an effort to gain a footing in the market. So, initially the prices of Versace watches were deliberately set very low as compared to the prices of other luxury Brand watches. The idea behind the implementation of price penetration strategy was to introduce the consumers to the Versace Watches at a lower price which would inevitably encourage the consumers to buy them. Secondly, the other purpose of sett ing lower prices was to encourage the customers to develop the habit of using Versace watches, so that when the Company eventually raises the prices, their sales would not be affected substantially. (Hassan et al 1994). Thirdly, the company’s use of penetration pricing strategy ensured that it would gain a substantial slice of the market because the low price of their watches would definitely attract retailers to buy large quantities of their product. The results of the implementation of the pricing penetration theory were simple; the Versace Watches were an instant success and their first annual sales were several folds higher than the Company had initially expected. The success of pricing penetration theory lies in the fact that Versace is a huge Company with revenue of over â‚ ¬ 162.7 million, thus the Company was well adapted to cope with the high cost of the implementation of the theory. (Davis, D. K., & Versace, G.2011). However, if I had been the senior manager at t he time the Company launched the watches, I would have definitely employed the theory of Market Skimming. Through the implementation of this theory, I would have ensured that the product is sold at a high price at the time of its launching because initially the product is unique in the market and for a large number of consumers; Uniqueness matters more than the price. (Needham et al 1990). Over the last few years, the Versace business environment has changed dramatically, and globalization has proved to be the catalyst of the change. In an effort to cope with the expansion of its business, Versace has sought to employ the strategy of employee empowerment. The company is based in Italy but is now expanding their business worldwide and for this the adoption of employee empowerment culture plays a vital role. Due to the opening of boutiques and stores across the world, the Company now relies extensively on the capabilities of its employees. The Company has introduced a range of trainin g programs and other services which ensures that their employees are more reliable and capable of performing better than ever before. On the other hand, the Company ensures that its employees feel trusted and gives the right of decision making to them. Furthermore, through various employee benefitting policies, the employees are given self confidence in an effort to ensure that they remain motivated and perform their duties to their full capabilities. Therefore, in many ways the Versace fashion house lets its employees know that for them, their

Enrolling at the Florida State College at Jacsonville Essay

Enrolling at the Florida State College at Jacsonville - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that   FSCJ takes advising and counseling as a serious commitment. Curriculum advising is done to assist students in achieving their academic goals, whereas counseling works to guide students in their personal concerns such as dealing with traumas or crises, coping with stress and problems, and surviving difficulties brought about by unplanned pregnancy, family conflict, and so on. Students may avail of advising and counseling support by calling in the Counseling/Advising office and securing an appointment. To ensure taking the right steps in their studies, students should are assigned to an academic advisor who will advise them what classes to take especially for the first term. Students should know their advisor’s name and schedule and should visit their advisors not only during enrollment. A strong rapport is encouraged between advisors and advisees especially for those who are working because they need to inf orm their advisor of their own work schedules. In addition, when talking with the advisor, students should note down the important information they are given. It is also preferable to jot down questions one needs to ask before attending the advising session to facilitate addressing the issues that need to be addressed. On the aspect of counseling, professors may also refer students for counseling if they feel the need to. Further counseling, which may need the help of out-of-school professionals, may likewise be provided to students who demonstrate such need. Providers of counseling service may include the members of the community such as churches, youth centers, and health clinics. Students who are looking for lodging houses and laundry services may likewise seek help from the counseling office because the latter maintains contact with some establishments within Jacksonville. However, such referrals may cost more than what a friend can provide.

Music assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Music assignments - Assignment Example By rigid vocal orchestration it is meant the seconds and thirds are 3rd (Me i.e., 3rd note from the root note) and 5th (So i.e., 5th note from the root note) derivatives. Instead the vocal harmony is created by the creative blending of different note progressions altogether. This kind of vocal symphony is more predominant in instrumental presentations for example a violin line playing on the background while a main instrument or voice is reciting the main composition. This secular motet is in many ways different from the sacred chants that we have listened to in the past. It has a polyphonic texture and also a varying duple, triple meter. Rather it doesn’t strictly follow a particular meter just sticking to a metronome rather. It has complex harmony sections giving rise to minor 7ths and minor augmented chords. It is also rich in melody and has a shifting root note, which means that not one root chord or root note can be identified, that stays as the reference throughout the song. It is less structured and more melodic having complex phrases, grace notes and touch notes. It easily falls under the category of sacred choir music rather than periodic and rhythmic chanting. The timbre is also quite different through the synthesis of multiple voices forming the instrumental base and giving the composition a reverberating and continuously flowing tonal background. The composition also has chromatic note progressions and chromatic tonic change of chords. Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique is a Symphony Concerto involving the narration of a story musically through the drama and conversation of instruments created by different notes. Climax is brought out through the high pitched and rhythmic progressions of violins. The quick succession of notes or straight-through notes brings the effect of a drama and a peak of emotion. Smetana’s The Moldau on the other hand is a Symphonic Poem meant for

Thought and Language

Thought and Language In the field of linguistic theory, the relation between thought and language is still an emerging topic of discussion. Different linguists and psychologists stand on different views and continued their argument to define this relation whether they are interdependent or independent. Broad categories of views are present and converging theories are yet to be gained. The two extreme thought school concerning the relationship between language and thought are commonly referred to as Mould theories and Cloak theories. According to the mould theory, language constructs our thought and they are interwoven in such a way that all people are equally being affected by the confines of their language. People can be considered as mental prisoners as they are unable to think in any other way which the language he speaks does not support. The cloak theory casts a different view and described language as a cloak conforming to the customary categories of though of its speaker. In this theory, language considered only as a media to express our thoughts just like the way we can use our physical movement to represent what we are feeling. Language do not control our way of perceiving things and we imagine our world in the way we like to. There is also a middle stand between this two which also popular in the linguistic theory. Without following the extreme, this view explains that language and thought is related but a flexible sense. Sometimes language drives our thought process and again sometime we construct the language with our thoughts. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, named after the American linguist Edward Sapir and Bejamin Lee Whorf is classified as mould theory of language. In 1929, Sapir presented his belief that the possible range of human behavior is controlled by the language he speaks. It is totally dependent on the vocabulary exist in the specific language we are part of. This hypothesis is known as the strong form of Sapirs Hypothesis. It also mentioned that as different languages have different structures, barrier free communication between cross-cultural groups is impossible as they will never able to think in the same way as they are bounded by different language. After reviewing the two extreme theories of linguistic reality, I stand somewhere between the two .I think, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis cannot be totally denied but cannot be accepted fully. There are numerous arguments which support Sapir and also cross out the hypothesis. With a deep analysis of the different views and considering the examples from real world around me, I came to the conclusion that the relation between the language and thought is a continued process. Language instructs our thought and we often directed by the way our language constructs perceive the world. For example, in our country when we say the word Pohela Boishakh, it automatically spells a magic of festivity in everyones mind. It is the Bengali New Year and now this language construct evolved in such a way that it is now motivating the thought process of the people of our country. We are getting bound to think by this word. But it is also true in the other way around. The creative minds come out with thousan ds of innovative ideas and directing the language evolution. People growing up in the same surrounding and speaking the same language can possess different thoughts and communicate different ideas which contradict with Sapirs Hypothesis. So, I am more influenced by the theory that language and speech can be though of as two intersecting circles. In their overlapping parts, thought and speech coincide to produce what is called verbal thought. Verbal thought, however, does not by any means include all forms of thought or all forms of speech. There is a vast area of thought that has no direct relation to speech. The thinking manifested in the use of tools belongs in this area, as does practical intellect in general. Furthermore, investigations by psychologists of the Wrzburg School have demonstrated that thought can function without any word images or speech movements detectable through self-observation. While discussing about the topic with my group mates Dana Satriya and Sharad, I encountered different fabrics of thought in them. Dana came from Indonesia and Sharad from India. In Danas opinion thought is an act of verbal. He seems to support Sapirs Hypothesis and mentioned that we the media informatics students came from different parts of the world. Though in Germany, we can be considered as a community but we have distinct thought process and it will eventually act as a barrier while we communicate with each other. And this distinct thoughts are somewhat influenced by the different language constructs we belong to. In some stage, I will not be able to express my inner feelings to Dana in a full sense as his language construct does allow him to think and follow my thoughts. Sharad being as an Indian got an opportunity to experience wide range of cultures and community in his country. He also agreed that language has some influence over the people as he has seen different concepts and views among the people using different language. In my opinion, it is necessary to take into account the close relationship which exists between language and thinking. Most commonly accepted idea about language and speech is that they are the way of expressing the internal thought process of an individual. People express what they feel with the means of language and speech. However, the construction of language is not evolved in a uniform way among all the people. Living in different context makes people from different parts of the world to perceive reality in different manner. The social and environmental context influence their way of living and thought. Due to perceiving the context in different ways, their use of words depends on that particular context. From generation to generation, the language is evolved while keeping the relation with social reality. As an example, in my country, Bangladesh, the landscape is flat and people live on farming. Therefore, large part of the thought process is based on the agricultural activitie s and have special part of language constructs generated to explain this process. Eventually, the new generations grow up with the special language constructs related to agriculture which influence their thought process according to Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, describing the process of language influencing the thought process. However, I think it is not in that strong way according the hypothesis that language constructs the thought. It is clearly evident that Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was built on a partially viewed concept. Whorf analyzed several examples of Native American Language, Hopi, to support his hypothesis, which state that thought is strongly based on language. According to Whorf, the Hopi language does not contain any words, grammatical constructions, or expressions that refer to the English concept of time. He goes on to explain that it is possible in the Hopi language to express the world or reality in ways other than what many languages refer to as time. The Hopi view of reality is specific to the language and can only be best expressed if one is familiar with the language. In this example where Whorf feels language strongly influences thought, he is often criticized with circularity because he infers cognitive differences between two speakers from an examination of their respective languages, (Hopi and English). His proof of cognitive differences is only based on reiteration of the linguistic differ ences. But several other studies were done which supports the hypothesis including the research on perception of color in English compared with a small tribe from Papua New Guinea called Berinmo. However, I personally contradict to some extent with the basic idea of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. It is not entirely ignorable that language has some influence on the thought process, although it is not the only mean which drive our thoughts. It can only be considered a little part of a much bigger paradigm. As an example, we can consider the example of infants, who is yet to talk. However, it is widely accepted that children go through thought process before they even learn to talk. According to Piaget, every child has two different thought processes which are directed and undirected. Piaget says, Directed thought is conscious, i.e., it pursues an aim which is present to the mind of the thinker; it is intelligent, which means that it is adapted to reality and tries to influence it; it admits of being true or false (empirically or logically true), and it can be communicated by language. Autistic thought is subconscious, which means that the aims it pursues and the problems it tries to solve are not present in consciousness; it is not adapted to reality, but creates for itself a dream world of imagination; it tends, not to establish truths, but to satisfy desires, and it remains strictly individual and incommunicable as such by means of language. On the contrary, it works chiefly by images, and in order to express itself, has recourse to indirect methods, evoking by means of symbols and myths the feeling by which it is led. Therefore, this autistic thought is not influenced by languages and is evolved separately by the complex mental process. Same inference can be drawn for the physically retarded groups who can not speak and hear, but have their own thought process development of which is not blocked by any linguistic constructs. Language is not the driver of thoughts but thought can eventually result in language. Poets and laureates often enrich us with new and innovative language constructs to materialize their thoughts. So, in this case they are generating language with their thoughts. But there is always the other side of the coin. Language often acts as the catalyst for thought. If someone says a bitter word in a language which I dont know, it will not affect me. But if I am familiar with the word, it will certainly scatter some effect on my thought process and I will react over it. So, there are obviously many thought processes in individual which can only be motivated and initiated by the linguistic reality and not in any other way. In this context we can refer to George Lakoffs argument that language is often used metaphorically and that different languages use different cultural metaphors that reveal something about how speakers of that language think. For example English employs metaphors linkening time with money, whereas other languages may not talk about time in that fashion.So absence of language construct inhibiting the way of their thinking about time in the same way as English people do. So, the basic idea we infer from the above discussion that language and thought continuously move back and forth from thought to language and language to thought. Language helps us to think with a specific point of view and thought again develop the language. And thought is not only being expressed in words, it also comes into existence through them. Every thought relates one object to another and it moves, grows and develops, executes function and solves problem. This flow of thought occurs as inner movement which can be based on language and can also be without language. Bibliography Lev Vygotsky (1986) Thought and Language (newly revised and edited by Alex Kozulin) Ekkehart Malotki (1983) Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 20 Hopi Time Thomas Tsoi The Relation between Language and Thought http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/language/whorf.html http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/whorf.html http://www.angelfire.com/journal/worldtour99/sapirwhorf.html http://www.usingenglish.com/speaking-out/language-thought-sapirwhorf.html http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm !Content ends here!>